Eye Max

Overview

In the US, eye health is a major concern for those over 60 years of age. The eye is the most susceptible organ to oxidative damage caused by light, toxins (smoke), atmospheric oxygen and abrasion. As ultraviolet and blue light pass through the retina to the photoreceptors (rods and cones) and the pigmented epithelial (PE) cells, reactive oxygen species (free radicals) are generated. If there are insufficient antioxidants available to neutralize free radicals, the eye undergoes excessive oxidative damage. Alpha Lipoic Acid† Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a potent, versatile antioxidant that is both water- and fat-soluble. ALA has been shown to inhibit aldose reductase, which prevents sorbitolinduced leakage of important antioxidants from eye tissues and recharges ALA, vitamin C, E and glutathione. Used clinically in Russia, animal studies have shown ALA has the potential to reach high concentrations in and be protective to the ocular lens of rats.1,2 Recent studies have shown lipoic acid increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal both in whole body and in skeletal muscle,3 thus helping to promote healthy blood sugar levels. One study, using oral dosing, showed that ALA increases insulin sensitivity by 27%.4 Other research has found that a dose of 600 mg/day of ALA over 3 months helped promote healthy blood fats by 36% and provided key antioxidant support. ALA has also been shown to increase the GLUT4 pathway, a primary passageway for glucose to enter the cell and be used for metabolic energy.

Ginkgo Biloba†

Ginkgo biloba extract is a well-studied botanical that increases cerebral blood flow and protects neurons from a variety of conditions and oxidant-induced damage.6,7 It scavenges NOS (Nitric Oxide Species) and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), supports mitochondrial function, inhibits NMDA receptor activation, antagonizes PAF (Platelet Activating Factor), and stimulates the release of NOS to support cerebral blood flow.8 It has been shown to provide key antioxidant support for eyes. 9,10,11

Carotenoids: Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Lycopene†

Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoid pigments whose role in eye health is well-established from epidemiological, clinical and interventional studies.12 Epidemiologic research shows a connection between high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in eye tissues and enhanced eye function and visual acuity.13 Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation has been shown to protect the lens protein, lipid and DNA from oxidative damage and improves intracellular redox status when under oxidative stress.14 Increased dietary intake of carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin, protect the eye from oxidative stress.15 A 12-month intervention including 145 patients divided into a placebo group, and 2 groups given capsules of lutein, zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA each day, found that over 12 months, the supplements significantly improved plasma antioxidant capacity, circulating macular xanthophyll levels and the optical density of the macular pigment.

16Zinc†

A vital coenzyme for eye tissue, zinc is a necessary component in antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Studies on monkeys with oxidative stressed retinas showed a 60% reduction in the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase as well as a 4-fold reduction in zinc concentration compared with controls.17 The enzymes responsible for digesting rod outer segments and preventing the build-up of lipofuscin, a lipidcontaining residue caused by normal “wear and tear” that can impair vision, are significantly less active in older individuals. These important enzymes can be stimulated by adding zinc.18,19

Bilberry†

Bilberry extract contains a high amount of the antioxidants known as anthocyanidins, similar to those found in grape seeds. Bilberry has a long history of use in eye health. Its activities include inhibition of aldose reductase and improving capillary permeability. Bilberry has been shown to protect against an oxidative stressinduced immune response in the mouse uvea20 and to support night vision.21 The extract has also been found to support renewal and homeostasis of corneal cells.22

Quercetin†

A flavonoid found in a variety of herbs, vegetables and fruits, quercetin provides key antioxidant support for eyes.23,24,25

Taurine†

Taurine concentration is high in the retina and is required for retinal tissue growth. It has been shown to protect rod outer segments from oxidative damage26 and to protect lens tissue from radiation. Researchers have suggested possible functions for taurine in the retina include protection of the photoreceptor, regulation of Ca2+ transport and regulation of signal transduction.27Directions: 2 capsules per day or as recommended by your health care professional. Does Not Contain Gluten, yeast, artificial colors or flavors. Cautions: Do not consume this product if you are pregnant or nursing. Consult your physician for further information.

References

1.1.MaitraI,SerbinovaE,TritschlerHJ,PackerL.StereospecificeffectsofR-lipoicacidonbuthionesulfoximine-induced cataractformationinnewbornrats.BiochemBiophysRes Commun1996;221(2):422-9. 2.LiY,LiuYZ,ShiJM,JiaSB.Alphalipoicacidprotectslens fromH(2)O(2)-inducedcataractbyinhibitingapoptosisof lensepithelialcellsandinducingactivationofanti-oxidative enzymes.AsianPacJTropMed.2013Jul;6(7):548-51. 3.Lee,WJ,Song,KH,Koh,EH,Won,JC,Kim,HS,Park,HS,Kim, MS,Kim,SW,Lee,KU,Park,JY:Alpha-lipoicacidincreases insulinsensitivitybyactivatingAMPKinskeletalmuscle.BiochemBiophysResCommun332:885-891,2005. 4.Osler,ME,Zierath,JR:Minireview:adenosine5’-monophosphate-activatedproteinkinaseregulationoffattyacidoxidation inskeletalmuscle.Endocrinology149:935-941,2008. 5.Ruderman,NB,Saha,AK,Kraegen,EW:Minireview: malonylCoA,AMP-activatedproteinkinase,andadiposity. Endocrinology144:5166-5171,2003. 6.AhlemeyerB,KrieglsteinJ.Neuroprotectiveeffectsof Ginkgobilobaextract.CellMolLifeSci.2003Sep;60(9):177992. 7.AhlemeyerB,KrieglsteinJ.Pharmacologicalstudies supportingthetherapeuticuseofGinkgobilobaextractfor Alzheimer’sdisease.Pharmacopsychiatry.2003Jun;36Suppl 1:S8-14.Review. 8.PontoLL,SchultzSK.Ginkgobilobaextract:reviewof CNSeffects.AnnClinPsychiatry.2003Jun;15(2):109-19. 9.Droy-LefaixMT,VennatJC,BesseG,DolyM.Effectsof Ginkgobilobaextract(EGb761)onchloroquineinducedretinalalterations.LensEyeToxicRes1992;9(3-4):521-8. 10.10.Droy-LefaixMT,CluzelJ,MenerathJM,etal.Antioxidant effectofaGinkgobilobaextract(Egb761)ontheretina.IntJ TissueReact1995;17(3):93-100.11.SzaboME,Droy-LefaixMT,DolyM.Directmeasurement offreeradicalsinischemic/reperfuseddiabeticratretina.Clin Neurosci1997;4(5):240-5. 12.Abdel-Aalel-SM,AkhtarH,ZaheerK,AliR.Dietary sourcesofluteinandzeaxanthincarotenoidsandtheirrolein eyehealth.Nutrients.2013Apr9;5(4):1169-85. 13.KoushanK,RusoviciR,LiW,FergusonLR,ChalamKV. Theroleofluteinineye-relateddisease.Nutrients.2013May 22;5(5):1823-39. 14.GaoS,QinT,LiuZ,CaceresMA,RonchiCF,ChenCY, YeumKJ,TaylorA,BlumbergJB,LiuY,ShangF.Luteinand zeaxanthinsupplementationreducesH2O2-inducedoxidative damageinhumanlensepithelialcells.MolVis.2011;17:318090.Epub2011Dec7. 15.SeddonJM,AjaniUA,SperdutoRD,etal.Dietary carotenoids,vitaminA,CandEandadvancedage-related maculardegeneration.EyeDiseaseCase-ControlStudyGroup. JAMA1994;272(18):1413-20. 16. Arnold C, Winter L, Fröhlich K, Jentsch S, Dawczynski J, Jahreis G, Böhm V. Macular xanthophylls and ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in age-related macular degeneration: a randomized trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 May;131(5):564-72. 17. Nicolas MG, Fujiki K, Murayama K, et al. Studies on the mechanism of early onset macular degeneration in cynomolgus monkeys. II. Suppression of metallothionein synthesis in the retina in oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 1996; 62(4):399-408. 18. Cingle KA, Kalski RS, Bruner WE, et al. Age-related changes of glycosidases in human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 1996; 15(4):433-8. 19. Wyszynski RE, Bruner WE, Cano DB, et al. A donor-age-dependent change in the activity of alpha-mannosidase in human cultured RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30(11):2341-7. 20. Yao N, Lan F, He RR, Kurihara H. J Protective effects of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract against endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice. Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 28;58(8):4731-6. 21. Canter PH, Ernst E. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision–a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan- Feb;49(1):38-50. 22. Song J, Li Y, Ge J, Duan Y, Sze SC, Tong Y, Shaw PC, Ng TB, Tsui KC, Zhuo Y, Zhang KY. Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (HCLEC). Phytother Res. 2010 Apr;24(4):520-4. 23. Bito T, Roy S, Sen CK, et al. Flavonoids differentially regulate IFN gammainduced ICAM-1 expression in human keratinocytes: molecular mechanisms of action. FEBS Lett. 2002 Jun 5;520(13):145-52. 24. Amasheh M, Schlichter S, Amasheh S, Mankertz J, Zeitz M, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Quercetin enhances epithelial barrier function and increases claudin-4 expression in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2008 Jun;138(6):1067-73. 25. Penissi AB, Rudolph MI, Piezzi RS. Role of mast cells in gastrointestinal mucosal defense. Biocell. 2003 Aug;27(2):163-72. 26. Lombardini JB. Taurine: retinal function. Brain Res Rev 1991; 16(2):151-69. 27. Lombardini JB. Taurine: retinal function. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1991 May-Aug;16(2):151-69.